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The Western avant-garde of the 1920s is vividly represented in French cinematography, in particular in the films of R. Clair (1890–1981) - "Paris Fell Asleep." "Intermission"; A. Hansa (1889–198'!) – "Wheel", "Napoleon"; in the surrealist tapes of L. Beunuel ([900_1983) – "Andalusian Dog", "The Golden Age" and in the cinema of Germany, in the depths of which the direction that was called film expressionism arose. Its prominent representatives were R. Wiene (1881–1938) – the director of the film “Cab!net of Dr. Caligari”, which is considered a manifesto of this direction, F. Lang (1890–1976) – “The Nibelungen”, “Weary Death”: F. Murnau (1889–1931) – "Nosferatu", "The Last Man".

The advantage of "Essays" is the structuring of the material full of internal logic, the examination of artistic phenomena from different perspectives, from different angles of view, which gives the study scientific volume and stereoscopicity.

The second period - the flowering of the artist's talent - led to the creation of O. Dovzhenko's "Slavic trilogy": "Zvenigora", "Arsenal". "Earth", which testified to the mythopoetic vision of the director, which was reflected in the visual construction of these tapes and had a significant impact on the further development of world cinema. The film "Ivan" performed the function of a "plastic bridge" to the third period in the work of O. P. Dovzhenko - the period of "two Stalinist decades", which resulted in the films "Aerograd", "ITsors", "Michurin". In the work of the director, ancient Slavic mythological ideas, the specifics of Ukrainian national self-awareness, and the philosophical understanding of common human meaningful life problems were organically combined, which led to the introduction of O. P. Dovzhenko's characters into the European cultural context.