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The Western avant-garde of the 1920s is vividly represented in French cinematography, in particular in the films of R. Clair (1890–1981) - "Paris Fell Asleep." "Intermission"; A. Hansa (1889–198'!) – "Wheel", "Napoleon"; in the surrealist tapes of L. Beunuel ([900_1983) – "Andalusian Dog", "The Golden Age" and in the cinema of Germany, in the depths of which the direction that was called film expressionism arose. Its prominent representatives were R. Wiene (1881–1938) – the director of the film “Cab!net of Dr. Caligari”, which is considered a manifesto of this direction, F. Lang (1890–1976) – “The Nibelungen”, “Weary Death”: F. Murnau (1889–1931) – "Nosferatu", "The Last Man".

In the second half of the 70s- the first half of the 80sfilmmakers are trying to understandVietnamese tragedy. INa genius forever remained in the treasury of the world cinematographyepisode - flightAmerican x helicopters to the music of "Flight of the Valkyries" fromoperas by R. Wagner"Ring of the Nibelung" ,which symbolizes impendinginevitable tragedy.In the specified period, the genre palette of American cinema was enriched.Simultaneously with melodramas, newa kind of action movie ("Superman" by R. Zonner, "Konai,barbarian" by J. Milius), ironic comedies ("Interiors ", "Manhattan" by V. Allen andetc.) onpolitical tapes appear on the screens ("Justice for all"S. Pollak), space films("Star Wars" by J. Lucas") and others.A special place in the US film arts of the second half of the 70s and early 80ssit for yearsfilms that make sense of the phenomenon of the film and television industry and the fate of people who were associated with themown life.

The appearance of "Essays" was a qualitatively new step in the development of domestic film studies. A wide range of scientists belonging to different schools and directions in film studies took part in the work. The authors did not set themselves the goal of consistently covering all stages of the formation and development of cinematography on the territory of Ukraine. But, without a doubt, the compilers and authors managed to focus on key moments, trace the most important regularities of the filmmaking process. Issues that have remained on the margins of the historical science of cinema have come into focus. Separate chapters are devoted to both local phenomena and entire historical stages, and the authors mostly build their research on a solid theoretical foundation.