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The further development of the world film process in the 1940s and 1960s was associated with the emergence of various directions that testified to the interesting searches and experiments that took place in its bowels. Prominent artists of world cinema stood near their origins. Thus, the phenomenon of "Italian neorealism" was associated with the names of R. Rossellini - "Rome - an open city", "Paisa"; V. De Sica - "Bicycle Thieves", "Umberto D.", "The Roof"; D. De Santis - "There is no peace under the olives", "Rome, 11 o'clock"; L. Visconti - "The Earth Trembles", "The Most Beautiful", whose creativity was stimulated by the artistic heritage of the outstanding Italian writer J. Verga.

The essay devoted to the history of animated cinema belongs to O. Shupyk, the author of numerous articles and books about Ukrainian animation. Having chosen the historical-theoretical aspect of presenting the material, the author singles out the main periods of formation and development of domestic animation. Paying attention to the development of new genre and stylistic solutions, O. Shupyk emphasizes the dynamic development of this type of cinematography, the appearance in its aesthetic space of philosophical parables, eccentric comedies, satirical-grotesque films on modern themes. Moreover, attention is not lost to national thoughts, fairy tales, legends, which were resolved in the folklore-epic vein. The process of changing generations, which resulted in a kind of fruitful competition, does not pass by the author's attention: the youth grew up "on the shoulders" of their predecessors, the "living classics" often followed the path of the searches that young artists were making.

A premonition of an inevitable tragedy permeates the work of the masters of French cinematography, in particular the films of "poetic realism" by J. Préver and M. Carnet - "The Embankment of Mists", "The Day Begins"; paintings by J. Renoir - "The Great Illusion", "Rules of the Game", "Man-Beast". Therefore, it is no coincidence that the number one actor of the French cinema of this period is Jean Gabin, whose hero defies history and is doomed to death. This gave the well-known theoretician and film historian A. Bazen reason to call Gaben a tragic modern hero.